<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div class="" dir="auto"><div class="" dir="auto"><div class="dati1w0a ecm0bbzt hv4rvrfc ihqw7lf3" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" style="padding: 4px 16px 16px;"><div class="j83agx80 ew0dbk1b cbu4d94t irj2b8pg" style="flex-direction: column; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px; display: flex;"><div class="knvmm38d qzhwtbm6" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px;"><span class="myohyog2 ihxqhq3m l9j0dhe7 t5a262vz sdhka5h4 aenfhxwr b6zbclly l94mrbxd nc684nl6" style="line-height: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; position: relative; display: inline; cursor: inherit;"><div class="cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab ii04i59q o9v6fnle c1et5uql hcukyx3x" style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div dir="auto" style="white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: inherit;" class=""><div class="feature-image-container" style="font-size: inherit; font-family: "Titillium Web", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px -2em 2em; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;"><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/stsci-01evt7y2q7jz2hg3fxtptnbmre.jpeg" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);" class=""></a></div><section id="ember22" class="opened collapsible ember-view" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-height: none; overflow-y: hidden; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;"><div class="text" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; -webkit-font-smoothing: inherit; line-height: 1.4em;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">This dramatic image from January 2006 offers a peek inside a cavern of roiling dust and gas where thousands of stars are forming. The image, taken by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) aboard the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/main/index.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);" class="">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, represents the sharpest view ever taken of this region until this time, called the <a href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2006/01/1826-Image.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(66, 139, 202);" class="">Orion Nebula</a>. More than 3,000 stars of various sizes appear in this image. Some of them have never been seen in visible light. These stars reside in a dramatic dust-and-gas landscape of plateaus, mountains, and valleys that are reminiscent of the Grand Canyon.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; -webkit-font-smoothing: inherit; line-height: 1.4em;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">The Orion Nebula is a picture book of star formation, from the massive, young stars that are shaping the nebula to the pillars of dense gas that may be the homes of budding stars. The bright central region is the home of the four heftiest stars in the nebula. The stars are called the Trapezium because they are arranged in a trapezoid pattern. Ultraviolet light unleashed by these stars is carving a cavity in the nebula and disrupting the growth of hundreds of smaller stars. Located near the Trapezium stars are stars still young enough to have disks of material encircling them. These disks are called protoplanetary disks or "proplyds" and are too small to see clearly in this image. The disks are the building blocks of solar systems.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; -webkit-font-smoothing: inherit; line-height: 1.4em;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">The bright glow at upper left is from M43, a small region being shaped by a massive, young star's ultraviolet light. Astronomers call the region a miniature Orion Nebula because only one star is sculpting the landscape. The Orion Nebula has four such stars. Next to M43 are dense, dark pillars of dust and gas that point toward the Trapezium. These pillars are resisting erosion from the Trapezium's intense ultraviolet light. The glowing region on the right reveals arcs and bubbles formed when stellar winds - streams of charged particles ejected from the Trapezium stars - collide with material.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; -webkit-font-smoothing: inherit; line-height: 1.4em;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">The faint red stars near the bottom are the myriad brown dwarfs that Hubble spied for the first time in the nebula in visible light. Sometimes called "failed stars," brown dwarfs are cool objects that are too small to be ordinary stars because they cannot sustain nuclear fusion in their cores the way our Sun does. The dark red column, below, left, shows an illuminated edge of the cavity wall.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; -webkit-font-smoothing: inherit; line-height: 1.4em;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">The Orion Nebula is 1,500 light-years away, the nearest star-forming region to Earth. Astronomers used 520 Hubble images, taken in five colors, to make this picture. They also added ground-based photos to fill out the nebula. The ACS mosaic covers approximately the apparent angular size of the full Moon.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; -webkit-font-smoothing: inherit; line-height: 1.4em;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">The Orion observations were taken between 2004 and 2005.</font></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 15px; -webkit-font-smoothing: inherit; line-height: 1.4em;" class=""><em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">Image Credit: NASA,ESA, M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Institute/ESA) and the Hubble Space Telescope Orion Treasury Project Team</font></em></p></div></section></div><div dir="auto" style="white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit;" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="auto" style="white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: inherit;" class=""><font face="Georgia" style="font-size: 36px;" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div dir="auto" style="white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: inherit;" class=""><a href="https://futureplc.slgnt.eu/optiext/optiextension.dll?ID=RjiRjdg9_V5WFnPkhf2GVHhw22pR_GtVk%2BTHd1TFZjfcQDJBYPeh2jQdLRiZW5MXcbghqJI68xf7_%2BkLEVNqgxnRkHzZGF97e0c1Y%2BCGytRtsnmLpP" style="white-space: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;" class=""><font face="Georgia" style="font-size: 36px;" class="">Cruise by Jupiter and its giant moon Ganymede in this gorgeous Juno flyby video</font></a></div><div dir="auto" style="white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit;" class=""><br class=""></div><div dir="auto" class=""><span style="white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 22px;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" class=""><a href="https://videos.space.com/m/nCO0rBJi/fly-from-ganymede-to-jupiter-in-this-amazing-animation-created-from-juno-imagery?list=9wzCTV4g" class="">https://videos.space.com/m/nCO0rBJi/fly-from-ganymede-to-jupiter-in-this-amazing-animation-created-from-juno-imagery?list=9wzCTV4g</a></font></span></div><div dir="auto" class=""><span style="white-space: pre-wrap; font-size: 22px;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" class=""><br class=""></font></span></div><div dir="auto" style="white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit;" class=""><img src="https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/space/media/img/missing-image.svg" alt="A screenshot from a new video showing the June 2021 flybys of Jupiter and its largest moon, Ganymede, by NASA's Juno probe. This image shows Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system." class="optional-image expandable lazy-image-van entered loaded" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 970px, calc(100vw - 40px)" data-normal="https://vanilla.futurecdn.net/space/media/img/missing-image.svg" data-srcset="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/WWuuDnmG9b4HPd4NqwupEQ-320-80.jpg 320w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/WWuuDnmG9b4HPd4NqwupEQ-650-80.jpg 650w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/WWuuDnmG9b4HPd4NqwupEQ-970-80.jpg 970w" data-original-mos="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/WWuuDnmG9b4HPd4NqwupEQ.jpg" data-pin-media="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/WWuuDnmG9b4HPd4NqwupEQ.jpg" data-ll-status="loaded" srcset="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/WWuuDnmG9b4HPd4NqwupEQ-320-80.jpg 320w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/WWuuDnmG9b4HPd4NqwupEQ-650-80.jpg 650w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/WWuuDnmG9b4HPd4NqwupEQ-970-80.jpg 970w"></div><div dir="auto" style="white-space: pre-wrap; text-decoration: inherit;" class=""><figure data-bordeaux-image-check="" style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;" class=""><figcaption itemprop="caption description" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline-block; width: 602px;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="3" class=""><span class="caption-text" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline;">A screenshot from a new video showing the June 2021 flybys of Jupiter and its icy moon Ganymede, by NASA's Juno probe. This image shows Ganymede, the biggest moon in the solar system. </span><span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; display: inline-block;">(Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS)</span></font></figcaption></figure><figure data-bordeaux-image-check="" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: "Open Sans", Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;" class=""><figcaption itemprop="caption description" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; font-size: 13px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline-block; width: 602px;" class=""><span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; display: inline-block;"><br class=""></span></figcaption></figure><figure data-bordeaux-image-check="" style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;" class=""><figcaption itemprop="caption description" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline-block; width: 602px;" class=""><span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word; display: inline-block; font-size: 22px;"><font face="Gill Sans" class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-weight: 600; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">In photos</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">: </span><a href="https://www.space.com/12495-jupiter-juno-mission-photos-gallery.html" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none;"><u style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><font color="#0433ff" class="">Juno's amazing views of Jupiter</font></u></a></font></span></figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">The probe captured amazing photos during these back-to-back encounters, as the new, nearly four-minute video makes abundantly clear. It puts viewers in Juno's imaginary captain's seat, taking us all along for the ride.</font></p><div id="ad-unit-2" class="ad-unit" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;"></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class=""><font color="#333333" class="">"The animation shows just how beautiful deep space exploration can be," Juno principal investigator Scott Bolton, from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio,</font><font color="#0433ff" class=""> <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/ride-with-juno-as-it-flies-past-the-solar-systems-biggest-moon-and-jupiter" target="_blank" data-url="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/ride-with-juno-as-it-flies-past-the-solar-systems-biggest-moon-and-jupiter" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none;"><u style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">said in a statement</u></a></font><font color="#333333" class="">. </font></font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">"The animation is a way for people to imagine exploring our solar system firsthand by seeing what it would be like to be orbiting Jupiter and flying past one of its icy moons," Bolton added. "Today, as we approach the exciting prospect of humans being able to visit space in orbit around Earth, this propels our imagination decades into the future, when humans will be visiting the alien worlds in our solar system." </font></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class=""><font color="#333333" class="">The Juno team made the time-lapse animation using imagery captured by the probe's</font><font color="#0433ff" class=""> <a href="https://www.space.com/42798-junocam-blends-art-and-jupiter-science.html" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; text-decoration: none;"><u style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">JunoCam imager</u></a></font><font color="#333333" class="">. They got some help from citizen scientist Gerald Eichstädt, who generated the camera's point of view for the video.</font></font></p><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><header style="margin: 30px 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible; caret-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); white-space: normal;" class=""><h1 style="font-size: 28px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 34px; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">AI designs quantum physics experiments beyond what any human has conceived</h1><div class="byline-social" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="3" class="">By <span class="no-wrap by-author" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.livescience.com/author/anil-ananthaswamy" rel="author" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">Anil Ananthaswamy</span> - <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">Scientific American</span></a></span> </font></div><div style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 28px; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><nav class="box socialite-widget less-space " data-contexturl="https://www.livescience.com/ai-designs-quantum-physics-experiments.html" style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: table; float: left; clear: both; width: 602px;"><ul class="socialite-widget-ul" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: top; list-style: none; display: inline-block; zoom: 1;"><li class="socialite-widget-item" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; 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font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: 602px;"><div class="hero-image-padding" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 451.5px 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; width: 602px; position: relative; height: 0px;"><picture style="font-family: "Open Sans";" class=""><source type="image/webp" alt="Abstract background, quantum physics, wave function" class=" hero-image block-image-ads" srcset="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-320-80.jpg.webp 320w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-480-80.jpg.webp 480w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-650-80.jpg.webp 650w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-970-80.jpg.webp 970w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-1024-80.jpg.webp 1024w" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 970px, calc(100vw - 40px)" data-original-mos="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET.jpg" data-pin-media="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET.jpg" style="width: 100%;"><source type="image/jpeg" alt="Abstract background, quantum physics, wave function" class=" hero-image block-image-ads" srcset="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-320-80.jpg 320w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-480-80.jpg 480w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-650-80.jpg 650w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-970-80.jpg 970w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-1024-80.jpg 1024w" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 970px, calc(100vw - 40px)" data-original-mos="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET.jpg" data-pin-media="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET.jpg" style="width: 100%;"><img src="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-320-80.jpg" alt="Abstract background, quantum physics, wave function" class=" hero-image block-image-ads" srcset="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-320-80.jpg 320w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-480-80.jpg 480w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-650-80.jpg 650w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-970-80.jpg 970w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET-1024-80.jpg 1024w" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 970px, calc(100vw - 40px)" data-original-mos="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET.jpg" data-pin-media="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/aBSs4o7eAJupCvRQGcvgET.jpg" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; width: 602px; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 451.5px; object-fit: contain;"></picture></div></div></div><figcaption itemprop="caption description" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;">(Image credit: Shutterstock)</span></figcaption><figcaption itemprop="caption description" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" class="">Quantum physicist Mario Krenn remembers sitting in a café in Vienna in early 2016, poring over computer printouts, trying to make sense of what MELVIN had found. MELVIN was a machine-learning algorithm Krenn had built, a kind of artificial intelligence. Its job was to mix and match the building blocks of standard quantum experiments and find solutions to new problems. And it did find many interesting ones. But there was one that made no sense. </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" class="">"The first thing I thought was, 'My program has a bug, because the solution cannot exist,'" Krenn says. MELVIN had seemingly solved the problem of creating highly complex entangled states involving multiple photons (entangled states being those that once made Albert Einstein invoke the specter of "</span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/spooky-quantum-action-passes-test/" data-url="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/spooky-quantum-action-passes-test/" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;"><u style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">spooky action at a distance</u></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" class="">"). Krenn, Anton Zeilinger of the University of Vienna and their colleagues had not explicitly provided MELVIN the rules needed to generate such complex states, yet it had found a way. Eventually, he realized that the algorithm had rediscovered a type of experimental arrangement that had been devised in the early 1990s. But those experiments had been much simpler. MELVIN had cracked a far more complex puzzle. </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" class="">"When we understood what was going on, we were immediately able to generalize [the solution]," says Krenn, who is now at the University of Toronto. Since then, other teams have started performing the experiments identified by MELVIN, allowing them to test the conceptual underpinnings of quantum mechanics in new ways. Meanwhile Krenn, working with colleagues in Toronto, has refined their machine-learning algorithms. Their latest effort, an AI called THESEUS, has upped the ante: it is orders of magnitude faster than MELVIN, and humans can readily parse its output. While it would take Krenn and his colleagues days or even weeks to understand MELVIN's meanderings, they can almost immediately figure out what THESEUS is saying. </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" class="">"It is amazing work," says theoretical quantum physicist Renato Renner of the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, who reviewed a 2020 study about THESEUS but was not directly involved in these efforts.</span></figcaption><figcaption itemprop="caption description" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" class=""><br class=""></span></figcaption><figcaption itemprop="caption description" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; text-decoration: inherit;" class=""><header style="margin: 30px 1.5em 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible;" class=""><h1 style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 34px; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><font face="Georgia" style="font-size: 36px;" class="">How to tell if extraterrestrial visitors are friend or foe</font></h1><div class="byline-social" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin: 0px 0px 0.5rem; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 23px; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="3" class="">By <span class="no-wrap by-author" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.livescience.com/author/avi-loeb" rel="author" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">Avi Loeb</span></a></span> </font></div></div></header><section class="content-wrapper" style="margin: 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; overflow: visible;"><div class="box less-space hero-image-wrapper" itemprop="image" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" style="margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: table; float: left; clear: both; width: 602px;"><div style="font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; position: relative; width: 602px;" class=""><div class="hero-image-padding-wrap padding-on" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: 602px;"><div class="hero-image-padding" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 451.5px 0px 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 0; vertical-align: baseline; width: 602px; position: relative; height: 0px;"><picture style="font-family: "Open Sans";" class=""><source type="image/webp" alt="alien world artist illustration" class=" hero-image block-image-ads" srcset="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-320-80.jpg.webp 320w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-480-80.jpg.webp 480w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-650-80.jpg.webp 650w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-970-80.jpg.webp 970w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-1024-80.jpg.webp 1024w" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 970px, calc(100vw - 40px)" data-original-mos="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V.jpg" data-pin-media="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V.jpg" style="width: 100%;"><source type="image/jpeg" alt="alien world artist illustration" class=" hero-image block-image-ads" srcset="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-320-80.jpg 320w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-480-80.jpg 480w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-650-80.jpg 650w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-970-80.jpg 970w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-1024-80.jpg 1024w" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 970px, calc(100vw - 40px)" data-original-mos="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V.jpg" data-pin-media="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V.jpg" style="width: 100%;"><img src="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-320-80.jpg" alt="alien world artist illustration" class=" hero-image block-image-ads" srcset="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-320-80.jpg 320w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-480-80.jpg 480w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-650-80.jpg 650w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-970-80.jpg 970w, https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V-1024-80.jpg 1024w" sizes="(min-width: 1000px) 970px, calc(100vw - 40px)" data-original-mos="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V.jpg" data-pin-media="https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/AJsmWzeZmv39KxXU4riz6V.jpg" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; width: 602px; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; height: 451.5px; object-fit: contain;"></picture></div></div></div><figcaption itemprop="caption description" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; word-break: break-word;"><font face="Gill Sans" size="3" class="">(Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)</font></span></figcaption></div><div class="left-rail-area" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: hidden; position: fixed; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 100000; overflow: auto; width: 135px; height: 200vh;"></div><div itemprop="articleBody" id="article-body" class="bodyCopy auto text-copy" style="margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; clear: both; position: relative; word-break: break-word;"><div itemprop="image" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" style="font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">Despite the naive storylines about interstellar travel in science fiction, biological creatures were not selected by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" data-url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;">Darwinian evolution</a> to survive travel between stars. Such a trip would necessarily span many generations, since even at the speed of light, it would take tens of thousands of years to travel between stars in our galaxy’s disk and 10 times longer across its halo. If we ever encounter traces of aliens, therefore, it will likely be in the form of technology, not biology. Technological debris could have accumulated in interstellar space over the past billions of years, just as plastic bottles have accumulated on the surface of the ocean. The chance of detecting alien technological relics can be simply calculated from their <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lets-search-for-alien-probes-not-just-alien-signals/" data-url="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/lets-search-for-alien-probes-not-just-alien-signals/" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;">number per unit volume</a> near us rather than from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation" data-url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_equation" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;">Drake equation</a>, which applies strictly to communication signals from living civilizations.</font></p><div id="ad-unit-1" class="ad-unit" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"></div><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">On a recent podcast about my book <a href="https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/Extraterrestrial/9780358274551" data-url="https://www.hmhbooks.com/shop/books/Extraterrestrial/9780358274551" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">Extraterrestrial</span></a><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: italic; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" class="">,</span> I was asked whether extraterrestrial intelligence should be expected to follow the rational underpinning of morality, as neatly formulated by the German philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" data-url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;">Immanuel Kant</a>. This would be of concern to us during an encounter. Based on human history, I expressed doubt that morality would garner a global commitment from all intelligent beings in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" data-url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;">Milky Way</a>.</font></p><span style="font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; --white: #fff; --light-mid-grey: #ccc; --trd-blue: #2f6e91; --black: #000; --yellow: #ffd800; --green: #3c8d0d; --orange: #ff6f28; --red: red; --pink: #e6248a; --light-blue: #97edfc; --mid-grey: #333; --light-grey: #eaeaea; --grey: #adadad; --dark-grey: #545454; --prime-blue: #00aeef; --prime-green: #eaf7e9; --lighter-mid-grey: #ebebeb; --game-platform-grey: #dbddde; --amazon-orange: #ffce00; 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--mona-widget-extra-background: #a5a5a5; --mona-widget-extra-backgound-hover: #a5a5a5; --shop-filter-button-background-color: var(--trd-blue); --shop-filter-button-text-color: var(--white); --pagination-button-selected-background-color: var(--trd-blue); --deal-widget-border-color: #ddd; --deal-hero-promo-background: #e6248a; --deal-hero-promo-color: #fff; --deal-hero-promo-background-progressive: transparent; --deal-hero-promo-color-progressive: #d21f26; --sticky-promo-color: #e19c42;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class=""><aside class="hawk-processed hawk-placeholder" data-render-type="fte" data-skip="dealsy" data-widget-type="seasonal" data-widget-id="4814352517683405000" data-result="missing" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; animation-duration: 0.001s; animation-name: insQ_100; --white: #fff; --light-mid-grey: #ccc; --trd-blue: #2f6e91; 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--toggle-switch-color: var(--trd-blue); --postcode-entry-button-color: var(--site-color); --comparison-load-more-background-color: #262626; --tv-channels-display-label-color: #696969; --index-color: #999; --editors-pick-background-color: #ededed; --editors-pick-promo-color: var(--trd-blue); --editors-pick-promo-rgba-color: rgba(47,110,145,0.3); --editors-pick-voucher-background-color: #e6248a; --filter-border-color: #c1c1c1; --filter-hover-border-color: #535353; --filter-selected-hover-border-color: #666; --countdown-in-progress-color: var(--trd-pink); --rows-background-color: var(--white); --hawk-footer-background: var(--trd-grey); --hawk-footer-game-platform-border: solid 1px var(--game-platform-grey); --hover-panel-color: orange; --description-hover-background: #cac7c7; --display-price-code-color: var(--site-color); --site-logo-width: 100%; --site-logo-max-width: none; --site-logo-max-height: none; --hawk-tab-text-color: #666; --hawk-tab-background: #d6d6d6; --review-background: var(--trd-grey); --review-rows-background: var(--white); --review-peacock-background: var(--white); --product-label-background: var(--light-grey); --product-label-text-color: var(--black); --seasonal-event-grey: #797979; --seasonal-event-dark-grey: #313131; --seasonal-event-merchants-background: var(--white); --game-platform-background: transparent; --price-widget-padding: 0 0 0.8em 0; --price-widget-padding-mobile: 0 0 0.8em 0; --price-widget-border-bottom: none; --was-price-text-color: #848484; --was-price-promo-color: #be0707; --was-price-light-promo-color: #ededed; --was-price-light-promo-text-color: #be0707; --dotw-header-border-top: 1px solid #ddd; --dotw-header-border-bottom: 4px solid #006ea9; --dotw-toggle-background-color: #1b1b1b; --dotw-search-input-border-color: #ddd; --dotw-header-background: transparent; --dotw-header-text-color: var(--black); --user-input-color: #c1c1c1; --user-input-hover-color: #535353; --user-input-input-background: #f2f2f2; --user-input-input-error-color: #838383; --radio-button-color: #c1c1c1; --checkbox-color: #c1c1c1; --range-filter-shadow-color: #a9a9a9; --range-filter-background-color: var(--site-color); --pre-order-promise-color: #aaa; --merchant-link-mona-background-color: var(--site-color); --merchant-link-mona-text-color: var(--white); --mona-site-font-family: inherit; --mona-site-text-color: inherit; --mona-widget-extra-background: #a5a5a5; --mona-widget-extra-backgound-hover: #a5a5a5; --shop-filter-button-background-color: var(--trd-blue); --shop-filter-button-text-color: var(--white); --pagination-button-selected-background-color: var(--trd-blue); --deal-widget-border-color: #ddd; --deal-hero-promo-background: #e6248a; --deal-hero-promo-color: #fff; --deal-hero-promo-background-progressive: transparent; --deal-hero-promo-color-progressive: #d21f26; --sticky-promo-color: #e19c42;"></aside></font></span><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.5; vertical-align: baseline;" class=""><font face="Gill Sans" size="4" class="">Instead, a code of conduct that allows systems of alien technology to dominate the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" data-url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;">galaxy</a> would also make them more likely to be the way we would first encounter extraterrestrials. Practically, this rule will act as a sort of Darwinian evolution by natural selection, favoring systems that can persevere over long times and distances; and multiply quickly and spread at the highest speed with self-repair mechanisms that mitigate damage along their journey. Such systems could have reached the habitable zones around all stars within the Milky Way, including our sun, by now. Most stars <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1403.0007.pdf" data-url="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1403.0007.pdf" data-component-tracked="1" class="hawk-link-parsed" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(2, 108, 162); text-decoration: none;">formed</a> billions of years before ours did, and technological equipment sent from habitable planets near them could have predated us by enough time to dominate the galaxy before we came to exist as a technological species.</font></p></div></section></span></figcaption></div></ul></nav></div></div></header></div><span class="oygrvhab gl3lb2sf hhz5lgdu tbxw36s4 kvgmc6g5 sf5mxxl7 pq6dq46d knj5qynh ditlmg2l nvdbi5me" style="font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px 1px; height: 16px; width: 16px; display: inline-flex; vertical-align: middle;"><br class=""></span></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>