[Spacetalk] https://www.nasa.gov/index.html; https://spaceflightnow.com

Mon Mar 19 08:08:27 CDT 2018

Good morning all,

I started this in Brazil but never found time to complete and send, now home in Florida…the visit to San Jose was awesome, we were there last year so it was extra special as so many of the kids helping us were there again and it was so wonderful to see them…they are so affectionate, so appreciative, so full of hugs & smiles...

Greetings from Brazil…it has been an amazing time, so very busy, the kids and audiences have been awesome…Brazil loves NASA like nowhere else in the world…the first 2 days were in an upscale mall in Rio De Janeiro, at least 5,000 attended each day…it was crazy as the crowds were way more than expected... some people waited over 3 hours in line to spend time, the next 2 days were at a beautiful Engineering University, Facens, and a private middle school and public HS in Sorocaba... from here we are going to San Jose to complete the week long Science Days Brazil experience for the kids…

Everything is going well with the space program…so many think nothing is happening  because the shuttle is not flying but there are still so many mission exploring our solar system…remember the Insight mission…for those who signed up or have had their class sign up, it is targeted to launch  May 5th... https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/timeline/  for Mission updates…

Another opportunity to get the kids involved is on a mission to the sun, see the info below…I hope you can share with the kids some of the events on the next launch to the ISS. Go to the subject links for the latest from NASA and space info around the world. 

Wishing you all wonderful day...we have to remember to always do our best, enjoy everything we do, live in the present, make each day special, let those we care about most know, smile and have fun… :-)    love ya, Gabe

www.spotthestation.nasa.gov

Curiosity's New Drilling Technique: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5TWtxRvydE&feature=em-subs_digest

NASA Television Coverage Set for Space Station Crew Launch, Docking

 <https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/m18-044.jpg>
Two American astronauts and a Russian cosmonaut are ready for their journey to the International Space Station that begins on Wednesday, March 21.
Credits: NASA
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Two American astronauts and a Russian cosmonaut are ready for their journey to the International Space Station <http://www.nasa.gov/station> that begins on Wednesday, March 21. Live coverage will air on NASA Television and the agency’s website <https://www.nasa.gov/live>. At the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, NASA astronauts Drew Feustel and Ricky Arnold, and cosmonaut Oleg Artemyev of the Russian space agency Roscosmos, are set to launch in the Soyuz MS-08 spacecraft at 1:44 p.m. EDT (11:44 p.m. Kazakhstan time) March 21. After a two-day flight, the new crew members will dock to the station’s Poisk docking module at 3:41 p.m. Friday, March 25. About two hours later, hatches between the Soyuz and the station will open, and the new residents will be greeted as part of the Expedition 55 crew by station commander Anton Shkaplerov of Roscosmos, Scott Tingle of NASA and Norishige Kanai of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

Coverage of Expedition 55 launch and docking activities is as follows (all times EDT):
Wednesday, March 21

·       12:45 p.m. – Soyuz MS-08 launch coverage (launch at 1:44 p.m.)

Friday, March 23

·       3 p.m. – Docking coverage (docking scheduled for 3:41 p.m.)

·       5 p.m. – Hatch opening and welcome coverage

A full complement of video of the crew’s pre-launch activities <https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/schedule.html> in Baikonur will air on NASA TV in the days preceding launch.

The crew members of Expedition 55-56 will continue work on hundreds of experiments <https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/index.html> in biology, biotechnology, physical science and Earth science aboard the International Space Station, humanity’s only permanently occupied microgravity laboratory. This crew continues the long-term increase in U.S. crew size from three to four, allowing NASA to maximize time dedicated to research on the space station.

During his flight, former educator Ricky Arnold will wrap up NASA’s Year of Education on Station <https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/stem-on-station/year-of-education.html>, an initiative to engage students and educators in human spaceflight and science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers.

Get breaking news, images and features from the station on Instagram and Twitter at: http://instagram.com/iss <http://instagram.com/iss> and http://www.twitter.com/Space_Station  <https://twitter.com/Space_Station?ref_src=twsrc^google|twcamp^serp|twgr^author>

Aurora Named STEVE

 <https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/dsc_0225-pano-sm_0.jpg>

 <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/mystery-of-purple-lights-in-sky-solved-with-help-from-citizen-scientists/#> <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/mystery-of-purple-lights-in-sky-solved-with-help-from-citizen-scientists/#> <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/mystery-of-purple-lights-in-sky-solved-with-help-from-citizen-scientists/#> <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/mystery-of-purple-lights-in-sky-solved-with-help-from-citizen-scientists/#> <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/mystery-of-purple-lights-in-sky-solved-with-help-from-citizen-scientists/#>
Notanee Bourassa knew that what he was seeing in the night sky was not normal. Bourassa, an IT technician in Regina, Canada, trekked outside of his home on July 25, 2016, around midnight with his two younger children to show them a beautiful moving light display in the sky — an aurora borealis. He often sky gazes until the early hours of the morning to photograph the aurora with his Nikon camera, but this was his first expedition with his children. When a thin purple ribbon of light appeared and starting glowing, Bourassa immediately snapped pictures until the light particles disappeared 20 minutes later. Having watched the northern lights for almost 30 years since he was a teenager, he knew this wasn’t an aurora. It was something else.
Download this video in HD formats from NASA Goddard's Scientific Visualization Studio <https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12865>

A Crab Walks Through Time
 <https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/crab.jpg>
Next year marks the 20th anniversary of NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory launch into space. The Crab Nebula was one of the first objects that Chandra examined with its sharp X-ray vision, and it has been a frequent target of the telescope ever since. There are many reasons that the Crab Nebula is such a well-studied object. For example, it is one of a handful of cases where there is strong historical evidence for when the star exploded. Having this definitive timeline helps astronomers understand the details of the explosion and its aftermath. In the case of the Crab, observers in several countries reported the appearance of a “new star” in 1054 A.D. in the direction of the constellation Taurus. Much has been learned about the Crab in the centuries since then. Today, astronomers know that the Crab Nebula is powered by a quickly spinning, highly magnetized neutron star called a pulsar, which was formed when a massive star ran out of its nuclear fuel and collapsed. The combination of rapid rotation and a strong magnetic field in the Crab generates an intense electromagnetic field that creates jets of matter and anti-matter moving away from both the north and south poles of the pulsar, and an intense wind flowing out in the equatorial direction. The latest image of the Crab is a composite with X-rays from Chandra (blue and white), NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (purple) and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope (pink). The extent of the X-rays in this image is smaller than the others because extremely energetic electrons emitting X-rays radiate away their energy more quickly than the lower-energy electrons emitting optical and infrared light. This new composite adds to a scientific legacy, spanning nearly two decades, between Chandra and the Crab Nebula. Here is a sample of the many insights astronomers have gained about this famous object using Chandra and other telescopes.

1999: Within weeks of being deployed into orbit from the Space Shuttle Columbia during the summer of 1999, Chandra observed the Crab Nebula. The Chandra data revealed features in the Crab never seen before, including a bright ring of high-energy particles around the heart of the nebula. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/1999/0052/ <http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/1999/0052/>
2002: The dynamic nature of the Crab Nebula was vividly revealed in 2002 when scientists produced videos based on coordinated Chandra and Hubble observations made over several months. The bright ring seen earlier consists of about two dozen knots that form, brighten and fade, jitter around, and occasionally undergo outbursts that give rise to expanding clouds of particles, but remain in roughly the same location. These knots are caused by a shock wave, similar to a sonic boom, where fast-moving particles from the pulsar are slamming into surrounding gas. Bright wisps originating in this ring are moving outward at half the speed of light to form a second expanding ring further away from the pulsar. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2002/0052/ <http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2002/0052/>
2006: In 2003, the Spitzer Space Telescope was launched and the space-based infrared telescope joined Hubble, Chandra, and the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory and completed the development of NASA’s “Great Observatory” program. A few years later, the first composite of the Crab with data from Chandra (light blue), Hubble (green and dark blue), and Spitzer (red) was released. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/crab/ <http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/crab/>
2008: As Chandra continued to take observations of the Crab, the data provided a clearer picture of what was happening in this dynamic object. In 2008, scientists first reported a view of the faint boundary of the Crab Nebula's pulsar wind nebula (i.e., a cocoon of high-energy particles surrounding the pulsar). The data showed structures that astronomers referred to as “fingers”, “loops”, and “bays”. These features indicated that the magnetic field of the nebula and filaments of cooler matter are controlling the motion of the electrons and positrons. The particles can move rapidly along the magnetic field and travel several light years before radiating away their energy. In contrast, they move much more slowly perpendicular to the magnetic field, and travel only a short distance before losing their energy. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2008/crab/ <http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2008/crab/>
2011: Time-lapse movies of Chandra data of the Crab have been powerful tools in showing the dramatic variations in the X-ray emission near the pulsar. In 2011, Chandra observations, obtained between September 2010 and April 2011, were obtained to pinpoint the location of remarkable gamma-ray flares observed by NASA's Fermi Gamma Ray Observatory and Italy's AGILE Satellite. The gamma-ray observatories were not able to locate the source of the flares within the nebula, but astronomers hoped that Chandra, with its high-resolution images, would. Two Chandra observations were made when strong gamma-ray flares occurred, but no clear evidence was seen for correlated flares in the Chandra images. Despite this lack of correlation, the Chandra observations helped scientists to home in on an explanation of the gamma-ray flares. Though other possibilities remain, Chandra provided evidence that accelerated particles produced the gamma-ray flares. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2011/crab/ <http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2011/crab/>
2014: To celebrate the 15th anniversary of Chandra’s launch, several new images of supernova remnants were released, including the Crab Nebula. This was a “three color” image of the Crab Nebula, where the X-ray data were split into three different energy bands. In this image, the lowest-energy X-rays Chandra detects are red, the medium range are green, and the highest-energy X-rays from the Crab are colored blue. Note that the extent of the higher energy X-rays in the image is smaller than the others. This is because the most energetic electrons responsible for the highest energy X-rays radiate away their energy more quickly than the lower-energy electrons. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2014/15year/ <http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2014/15year/>
From 2015 to 2016, citizen scientists — people like Bourassa who are excited about a science field but don't necessarily have a formal educational background — shared 30 reports of these mysterious lights in online forums and with a team of scientists that run a project called Aurorasaurus. The citizen science project, funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation, tracks the aurora borealis through user-submitted reports and tweets. The Aurorasaurus team, led by Liz MacDonald, a space scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, conferred to determine the identity of this mysterious phenomenon. MacDonald and her colleague Eric Donovan at the University of Calgary in Canada talked with the main contributors of these images, amateur photographers in a Facebook group called Alberta Aurora Chasers, which included Bourassa and lead administrator Chris Ratzlaff. Ratzlaff gave the phenomenon a fun, new name, Steve, and it stuck.

2017: Building on the multiwavelength images of the Crab from the past, a highly detailed view of the Crab Nebula was created in 2017 using data from telescopes spanning nearly the entire breadth of the electromagnetic spectrum. Radio waves from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (red), Hubble optical data (green), infrared data from Spitzer (yellow), and X-ray data from XMM-Newton (blue) and Chandra (purple) produced a spectacular new image of the Crab. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2017/crab/ <http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2017/crab/>
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, manages the Chandra program for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, controls Chandra's science and flight operations. Credits: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; Optical: NASA/STScI; Infrared: NASA-JPL-Caltech Read More from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory <http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2018/crab/>. For more Chandra images, multimedia and related materials, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/chandra <http://www.nasa.gov/chandra>

http://go.nasa.gov/HotTicket <http://go.nasa.gov/HotTicket>
 <https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/psp-swingbysuncloseupsun_1024_0.jpg>
March 6, 2018
 <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/public-invited-to-come-aboard-nasa-s-first-mission-to-touch-the-sun/#> <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/public-invited-to-come-aboard-nasa-s-first-mission-to-touch-the-sun/#> <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/public-invited-to-come-aboard-nasa-s-first-mission-to-touch-the-sun/#> <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/public-invited-to-come-aboard-nasa-s-first-mission-to-touch-the-sun/#> <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/public-invited-to-come-aboard-nasa-s-first-mission-to-touch-the-sun/#>
Public Invited to Come Aboard NASA’s First Mission to Touch the Sun
Want to get the hottest ticket this summer without standing in line? NASA is inviting people around the world to submit their names online to be placed on a microchip aboard NASA’s historic Parker Solar Probe mission launching in summer 2018. The mission will travel through the Sun’s atmosphere, facing brutal heat and radiation conditions — and your name will go along for the ride. “This probe will journey to a region humanity has never explored before,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, the associate administrator for the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “This mission will answer questions scientists have sought to uncover for more than six decades.” Understanding the Sun has always been a top priority for space scientists. Studying how the Sun affects space and the space environment of planets is the field known as heliophysics. The field is not only vital to understanding Earth’s most important and life-sustaining star, it supports exploration in the solar system and beyond. Submissions will be accepted until April 27, 2018. Learn more and add your name to the mission here: http://go.nasa.gov/HotTicket <http://go.nasa.gov/HotTicket>
The spacecraft, about the size of a small car, will travel directly into the Sun's atmosphere about 4 million miles from the star's surface. The primary science goals for the mission are to trace how energy and heat move through the solar corona and to explore what accelerates the solar wind as well as solar energetic particles. The mission will revolutionize our understanding of the Sun, where changing conditions can spread out into the solar system, affecting Earth and other worlds.
 <https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/psp-swingbysuncloseupsun_1024_0.jpg>
Illustration of the Parker Solar Probe spacecraft approaching the Sun.

To perform these unprecedented investigations, the spacecraft and instruments will be protected from the Sun’s heat by a 4.5-inch-thick carbon-composite shield, which will need to withstand temperatures outside the spacecraft that reach nearly 2,500 F. This state-of-the-art heat shield will keep the four instrument suites designed to study magnetic fields, plasma and energetic particles, and image the solar wind at room temperature.

The spacecraft speed is so fast, at its closest approach it will be going at approximately 430,000 mph. That's fast enough to get from Washington, D.C., to Tokyo in under a minute.

“Parker Solar Probe is, quite literally, the fastest, hottest — and, to me, coolest — mission under the Sun,” said project scientist Nicola Fox, of the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. “This incredible spacecraft is going to reveal so much about our star and how it works that we’ve not been able to understand.”

Astronaut Scott Kelly and His Twin Brother Are Still Identical, NASA Says <http://www.space.com/40007-astronauts-scott-mark-kelly-still-identical.html#?utm_source=sdc-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20180317-sdc>

Twin astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly pose at Johnson Space Center in Houston on Jan. 19, 2015, before Scott Kelly's nearly yearlong stay on the International Space Station.

After a stream of erroneous media coverage about how spaceflight affects astronauts' genes, NASA issued an updated statement yesterday (March 15) about its "twins study <https://www.space.com/35527-nasa-astronaut-twins-study-early-results.html>" of former astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly.

The study is following changes to Scott Kelly's body after he spent nearly a year in space between 2015 and 2016. His brother and identical twin Mark remained on Earth during that time and is the control subject for the study. In late January, NASA issued an update to its 2017 results <https://www.space.com/39952-nasa-twin-study-spaceflight-health-effects.html> that confirmed most of the initial findings.

"Mark and Scott Kelly are still identical twins; Scott's DNA did not fundamentally change. What researchers did observe are changes in gene expression, which is how your body reacts to your environment. This likely is within the range for humans under stress, such as mountain climbing or scuba diving," NASA said in the <https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings> recent clarification to the Jan. 31 update. [Twins In Space: Astronauts Mark and Scott Kelly in Photos <https://www.space.com/22364-nasa-twin-astronauts-photos-kelly-brothers.html>]

How Stephen Hawking Transformed Our Understanding of Black Holes <http://www.space.com/39988-black-hole-mysteries-stephen-hawking.html#?utm_source=sdc-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20180317-sdc>

An artist’s illustration of a supermassive black hole ever discovered.
Credit: Robin Dienel, courtesy of the Carnegie Institution for Science
There's a lot we still don't know about black holes, but these light-gobbling behemoths would be even more mysterious if Stephen Hawking <https://www.space.com/15923-stephen-hawking.html> hadn't plumbed their inky depths.

For starters, the famed cosmologist, who died yesterday <https://www.space.com/39972-stephen-hawking-dies-at-age-76.html> (March 14) at the age of 76, helped give more solid mathematical backing to the concept of black holes, the existence of which was predicted by Albert Einstein's 1915 theory of general relativity.

"Hawking actually proved some rigorous mathematical theorems about Einstein's equations for gravity that showed that, under quite general circumstances, there were places where the equations broke down — what are called singularities," said Tom Banks, a professor of physics and astronomy at Rutgers University-New Brunswick in New Jersey. "And, in particular, the region inside of a black hole is such a singularity." [Stephen Hawking: A Physics Icon Remembered in Photos <https://www.space.com/39975-stephen-hawking-photos.html>] 

NASA Shapes Science Plan for Deep-Space Outpost Near the Moon

Boeing's design for a Deep Space Gateway, an astronaut outpost near the moon. NASA is developing plans for a new Lunar Orbital Platform Gateway in orbit near the moon for future astronaut missions.
Credit: Boeing

DENVER — NASA is pressing forward on plans to build a Lunar Orbital Platform-Gateway <https://www.space.com/39917-nasa-moon-exploration-international-partners.html>, an outpost for astronauts positioned in the space near Earth's moon.

According to NASA, the Gateway will not only be a place to live, learn and work around the moon but will also support an array of missions to the lunar surface. And scientists foresee a host of uses for the station.

By making use of a suite of instruments housed on or inside the structure itself, or free-flying nearby, scientists could make Earth and solar observations.They could also carry out astrophysics and fundamental physics experiments as well as human physiology and space biology studies.

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